Trabalhos de controlo de perfurações realizada utilizando o equipamento BORETRAK

Iran’s mining sector represents a substantial and diverse opportunity landscape across metallic and non-metallic minerals, exploration projects, operating mines, processing opportunities and mining-related investments. As ZVENIA Country Manager for Iran, I am developing ZVENIA’s presence within the Iranian mining ecosystem while supporting greater visibility and connectivity between the local mining industry and the international mining community. For international investors and mining companies interested in understanding the Iranian market, preliminary work can begin well before any final investment decision. This includes: • Identification of potential mining investment opportunities • Initial project and asset screening • Preliminary technical and commercial assessment • Mining market intelligence • Understanding local industry structure and key stakeholders • Identification of suitable companies, contractors, consultants and potential partners Through my professional activities in Iran’s mining sector, I have developed a strong database of mining opportunities across different commodities and stages of development. This provides a practical starting point for investors wishing to monitor the market, evaluate potential projects and prepare for possible future participation. The objective is not simply to identify assets, but to help interested parties build an informed understanding of the Iranian mining landscape and focus their attention on credible opportunities. All potential activities and investment considerations must, of course, be assessed in accordance with applicable legal, regulatory, sanctions, compliance and investment requirements. For initial discussions regarding Iran’s mining market and available opportunities: Shahou Rezaei Country Manager – Iran | ZVENIA Email: shahou44@gmail.com WhatsApp: +989129675238

Mining planning should be viewed as a strategic tool for decision-making. From this perspective, the steps or phases to follow are essentially as follows: 1. Clearly define the mining objectives to be achieved; 2. Break these objectives down into specific, time-bound, and quantifiable sub-objectives; 3. Develop and explore various possible options; 4. Conduct a comparative analysis of different options; 5. Evaluate the viability of each option; 6. Perform a financial evaluation of the presented options; 7. Make a provisional selection of the most important option; 8. Analyze and identify the potential negative consequences of this option; 9. Make a final decision. What challenges do you think strategic mining planning presents?

- Sample quality is more important than sample quantity. - One poor sample can misclassify thousands of tonnes. - High-grade ore deserves closer drilling spacing. - Always validate laboratory results before updating the model. - Control dilution at the mining face—it cannot be recovered later. - Keep ore and waste physically separated at all stages. - Reconcile every mining bench and production period. - Update the geological model continuously as new information becomes available. - Use digital tools (GPS, drones, fleet management, block models) to improve precision. - Aim for reconciliation of 95–105%, dilution below project targets, and the lowest practical ore loss. - If grade control is poor, even an excellent resource model will not deliver expected project value. - Good grade control increases revenue, extends mine life, reduces processing costs, and improves investor confidence.

Blasting Fundamentals #10 – L’ANFO : l’agent de sautage le plus utilisé dans l’industrie minière L’ANFO (Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil – nitrate d’ammonium et fioul) est l’agent de sautage le plus utilisé au monde en raison de sa simplicité, de sa fiabilité et de son excellent rapport coût-efficacité. Il est constitué d’environ 94 % de nitrate d’ammonium poreux et de 6 % de fioul (diesel) en masse, offrant un équilibre en oxygène favorable à une détonation efficace. L’ANFO est particulièrement adapté aux trous de mine secs. Il est largement utilisé dans les mines de charbon à ciel ouvert, les mines métalliques et les carrières. Grâce à sa forte capacité de déplacement du massif rocheux (heave energy), il est particulièrement efficace pour les tirs de production nécessitant la fragmentation économique de grands volumes de roche. Cependant, l’ANFO présente une limitation majeure : sa faible résistance à l’eau. Même une faible quantité d’eau peut dégrader ses performances, voire empêcher une détonation correcte. Dans les trous humides ou remplis d’eau, on privilégie généralement les émulsions en vrac ou les mélanges de type Heavy ANFO, qui offrent une meilleure résistance à l’eau. Malgré l’apparition d’explosifs plus modernes, l’ANFO demeure la référence des tirs de production à grande échelle grâce à son faible coût, sa facilité de chargement et ses performances éprouvées sur le terrain. #ExploitationMinière #ForageEtDynamitage #IngénierieDuDynamitage #ANFO #MineÀCielOuvert #Explosifs #IngénieurMinier #TirsDeProduction ————————————————————————— Blasting Fundamentals #10 – ANFO: The Most Widely Used Blasting Agent in Mining ANFO (Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil) is the world's most widely used blasting agent due to its simplicity, reliability, and cost-effectiveness. It consists of approximately 94% porous ammonium nitrate and 6% fuel oil (diesel) by weight, providing an efficient oxygen balance for detonation. ANFO is best suited for dry blast holes and is extensively used in surface coal mines, metal mines, and quarries. It offers excellent heave energy, making it highly effective for production blasting where large volumes of rock need to be fragmented economically. However, ANFO has one major limitation—it has poor water resistance. Even small amounts of water can reduce its performance or prevent proper detonation. In wet conditions, bulk emulsions or heavy ANFO blends are generally preferred. Despite the availability of modern explosives, ANFO remains the backbone of large-scale production blasting because of its low cost, ease of loading, and proven field performance. #Mining #DrillAndBlast #BlastingEngineering #ANFO #SurfaceMining #Explosives #MiningEngineer #ProductionBlasting

Mining researchers have debated this for decades, and the answer is remarkably consistent. A waiting truck is cheaper than a waiting excavator. Why? An excavator is the production engine of an open cast mine. It is one of the most expensive assets on site, with high ownership costs, high fuel consumption, and a production rate that directly determines how many tonnes can be moved. If an excavator is waiting for trucks, production stops. If a truck is waiting for an excavator, production continues the moment it is loaded. This is why many mine planning studies recommend keeping excavators busy, even if it means trucks spend some time in a queue. That doesn't mean long truck queues are acceptable. Excessive queuing increases cycle time, fuel consumption, tyre wear, and operating cost. The objective is to keep the shovel digging and keep truck queues short. That balance is where the lowest cost per tonne is achieved. Reference: Principles discussed in surface mine fleet optimization research by SME, Caterpillar performance studies, and Hustrulid & Kuchta's Open Pit Mine Planning and Design.

Before a single tonne of ore is mined, one critical question must be answered: 👉 How much mineral is actually present, and is it economically mineable? The answer lies in Reserve Estimation—one of the most important processes in mining engineering. It determines the quantity, quality, and economic viability of a mineral deposit, forming the basis of mine planning, investment decisions, and long-term sustainability. 🌍 📊 What is Reserve Estimation? Reserve estimation is the scientific process of calculating the amount of recoverable mineral within a deposit using geological, sampling, and engineering data. It helps answer key questions such as: ✅ How much ore is available? ✅ What is the grade (quality) of the mineral? ✅ Can it be mined safely and profitably? ✅ How long will the mine operate? 🔍 Key Factors Considered 📌 Geological mapping and exploration drilling 📌 Core sample analysis and mineral grade evaluation 📌 Ore body geometry and continuity 📌 Density (Specific Gravity) measurements 📌 Geostatistical modelling and block models 📌 Economic, technical, environmental, and legal considerations These factors ensure reserve estimates are reliable and support informed decision-making. 🚜 Why is Reserve Estimation Important? Accurate reserve estimation is essential because it: ✅ Supports efficient mine planning and production scheduling ✅ Helps determine project feasibility and investment potential 💰 ✅ Reduces operational and financial risks ✅ Optimizes equipment selection and resource utilization ✅ Prevents overestimation or underutilization of mineral resources ✅ Promotes sustainable and responsible mining practices 🌱 💡 Practical Relevance in Mining Operations In real mining projects, reserve estimation directly influences: ⛏️ Mine design and pit optimization 🚛 Equipment fleet planning 📅 Production targets and mine life estimation 💵 Financial forecasting and budgeting 🛡️ Safe extraction strategies by understanding geological conditions Without accurate reserve estimation, mining projects can face significant technical and economic challenges. Mastering these concepts builds a strong foundation for careers in exploration, mine planning, resource evaluation, and strategic project management. 🌟 Final Thought Accurate reserve estimation transforms geological data into confident mining decisions. By combining science, engineering, and technology, we can ensure mining operations remain safe, efficient, economically viable, and sustainable for future generations.

A Feasibility Study brings together the resource model, test work, engineering, geotechnical conditions, infrastructure, environmental and permitting inputs, execution planning and the financial model on which the Board decides. Data and assumptions sit beneath that work. The data is what has been observed, measured, tested or priced: drilling, metallurgical test work, geotechnical investigation, engineering quantities and quotations. The assumptions are what the study team adopts where evidence runs out. Every study contains both. Successive phases reduce uncertainty to a level appropriate for the decision. The quality of the data governs the range within which the study can reasonably be right. A financial model can calculate weak inputs precisely. It cannot make them reliable. We see the consequences during independent reviews. A mining method may be selected on insufficient geotechnical information. Process performance may rely on unrepresentative test work. Design may advance before the required investigation or engineering definition is complete. The recommendation is often the same: collect and validate data before advancing. That is why project phases have different minimum standards. Scoping may rely on broad assumptions. Prefeasibility should test the alternatives and establish the preferred case. By Feasibility Study, material assumptions should be supported by evidence consistent with the claims presented. A study advanced on data below the required threshold claims confidence it has not earned. Assumption traceability is a basic study control. Metallurgical recoveries should trace to representative test work. Capital quantities should trace to engineering documents. Operating costs should trace to supplier information, operating data or defensible benchmarks. Where hard evidence is unavailable, the study should state the basis, uncertainty and treatment. Project failure often takes root early, in assumptions not tested while the owner still had time to change them. The mechanism is frequently optimism. The ramp-up is too steep. Grade or recovery is read too generously. Productivity is assumed without sufficient evidence. Contingency supports confidence the scope has not earned. For capital cost, the control lies in scope maturity, estimate discipline and honest treatment of risk and contingency. For inputs the project cannot control, particularly commodity prices, the economics should be tested across credible downside conditions agreed with decision-makers. A credible feasibility case shows whether the project remains acceptable when important assumptions move against it. Testing that before capital is committed is a central purpose of study governance, independent peer review, and the Capital Investment System (CIS). The study team develops the case. Governance tests it. The Board decides.