Optimization and design in mining refer to the process of developing efficient mine layouts and production strategies that maximize resource recovery while minimizing costs, risks, and environmental impact. Mine design integrates geological, geotechnical, and economic data to determine the best configuration for excavation, haulage, and processing. Optimization tools such as linear programming, genetic algorithms, and simulation models are applied to evaluate multiple scenarios and select the most profitable and sustainable approach. An optimized design doesn’t only enhance production efficiency; it also improves safety by reducing unstable pit slopes, unnecessary waste removal, and equipment overuse. Furthermore, the integration of digital technologies like mine scheduling software and AI-based analytics has revolutionized decision-making, allowing for adaptive planning and real-time monitoring. Ultimately, optimization and design ensure that mining operations are technically sound, economically viable, and environmentally responsible the true foundation of sustainable resource development.