When an explosive detonates in a blasthole, it generates a high-pressure shock wave that radiates outward. This shock wave induces peak compressive strain at the blasthole wall, a critical point that determines how effectively the explosive energy is transmitted into the surrounding rock (Zhang, 2016). If the compressive strain remains below the rock’s crushing threshold, the energy propagates efficiently, initiating controlled radial fractures that extend outward. However, if the peak strain exceeds the rock's strength, a portion of the energy is wasted in pulverizing and crushing the immediate area around the blasthole, forming a damaged zone where fine particles dominate. Beyond the crushed zone, the shock wave transitions into tangential tensile waves, which promote the formation of radial cracks extending toward free faces. The interaction of these waves with pre-existing fractures further influences crack propagation, potentially arresting or redirecting the energy. Optimizing explosive energy to avoid excessive crushing while maximizing controlled fracturing is key to achieving efficient rock fragmentation, improving burden displacement, and minimizing energy loss. Proper blast design, including charge distribution and detonation timing, ensures that energy is used effectively to break the rock rather than dissipate as wasted strain. Reference Zhang, Z. X. (2016). Rock fracture and blasting: theory and applications. Butterworth-Heinemann.